An Apgar (activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration) score is a quick and standard test done on newborn babies within the first minutes of life. It was originally introduced by Virginia Apgar ...
In his masterful book Better, surgeon Atul Gawande writes that in the 1950s, newborn babies in the United States faced great danger: "One in thirty still died at birth—odds that were scarcely better ...