The autonomic nervous system innervates all body organs, including the cardiovascular system. Smooth muscle in arteries, arterioles, and veins and pericytes in capillaries receive autonomic ...

Ophthalmologists commonly encounter epiphora in their daily practice. Effective management of such a symptom entails properly diagnosing the etiology of the obstruction in the small-diameter efferent ...

The keen practitioner can gain helpful information simply by assessing pupillary responses. The pupils will offer substantial insight into one’s ocular health and the state of the visual pathways ...

Background: From the 1990’s onward, it has been possible to assess changes in the lacrimal duct by direct, minimally invasive diagnostic inspection with the aid of miniaturized endoscopes originally ...