Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...

Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.

This paper proposes a hidden state Markov model (HMM) that incorporates workers’ unobserved labor market attachment into the analysis of labor market dynamics. Unlike previous literature, which ...