Pure μ-opioids (methadone, morphine, hydromorphone) provide profound analgesia and are preferred for extensive dental procedures. Partial agonists (buprenorphine) are suitable for moderate pain.

Proper dental care reduces chronic inflammation and may improve systemic health and quality of life. In this dvm360 interview, Heidi Lobprise, DVM, DAVDC, covers decision making for extractions, how ...

Depending on your dog’s age, the cost of a cleaning could run between $400 and $1,000. This includes the cleaning, bloodwork, ...