Deep excavations The Cutter Soil Mixing or CSM technique is a specialist foundation construction process for the formation of stiffened soil elements by the introduction and mixing of fluid binders into the soil. The technique has been developed and tested by BAUER Maschinen GmbH of Schrobenhausen, Germany in cooperation with Soletanche Bachy of Nanterre, France. This ground engineering technique was initially developed essentially as a method of soil mixing but with the development of more powe

Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) is a ground improvement technique used in geotechnical engineering to strengthen and stabilise weak or loose soils. In this method, a specialised rig equipped with mixing tools is employed to blend cementitious materials, such as cement, lime, or fly ash, into the soil at depth. The mixing tools are inserted into the ground, and as they rotate, they break up and mix the soil with the added binder, creating a homogenous mixture. This process enhances the soil's engineering